Journal of Phonetics A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Figure 3.31 Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. T. C. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? This study of Changana S53 whistling fricatives underscores the fact that the phonetic realisation of a cross-linguistically rare sound may differ from one language to the next. (2015) The Bantoid Languages. In Oxford Handbooks Online. Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. Figure 3.10 21: 327. so an outline is given of the main characteristics of each separate group. Clark 1992). , Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. London; New York: Routledge. R. This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. & The Southern Bantu Languages Handbook of African Languages ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Journal of Phonetics (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). , C. Hubbard (1994, 1995) also compared the durations of vowels in three further languages with different patterns. Final High or rising intonations are found in Ganda JE15, Chewa N31b and Saghala E74b, while final High-Low or High-falling intonations are found in Jita JE25. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). Gowlett, D. F. G.-M. (2015) Liko Phonology and Grammar. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. The tongue surface appears as a curved white line. In Bemba M42, polar questions are marked by a final boundary L% on the final syllable, but pitch range expansion is also used (Kula & Hamann 2016). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. Bennett, W. G. In N. South African Journal of African Languages However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. & Each point represents the mean of between nine and 23 tokens of unreduced final or penultimate vowels in a word list spoken by a male speaker. 2017). (1997) Formant Structure of Standard KiSwahili Vowels. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Zvegintsev, V. Carleton Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. Lingua High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. Maganga, C. E. In Because the velar stop burst in the weak click [] is louder than the anterior click burst, it is perhaps not surprising that [k] has come to replace [] for some speakers. In & Hannah That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. Bonny Sands, Print publication date: February 2019 Philippson, G. Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. 2016). Nurse, D. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. 42: 175187. & I. Pongweni, A. J. C. Paulian, C. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. & & C. University of California, Berkeley. ), Namibian Languages. Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Figure 3.1 Downing, L. J. F. Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. Harnsberger (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies The Bantu Languages, 2019. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. The ATR vowel /e/ and the RTR vowel /e/ differ both in the shape of the tongue body and in the amount of tongue root retraction, which can be estimated by the volume of tongue mass which occurs to the left of the white dotted line. The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. (2010) Phonetically Grounded Phonology and Sound Change: The Case of Tswana Labial Plosives. ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. Figure 3.31 ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. Figure 3.3 More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). In this language, the vowels are to a large degree placed where they might be expected, given a respect for dispersion principles. Figure 3.7 Multiple tone heights As indicated, most Bantu languages have an underlying two-height system, whether privative or equipollent. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. Sands V. Stevick, E. W. v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the Journal of Phonetics Stankowski Myers, S. P. A. Nurse, D. Journal of Phonetics Africana Linguistica , The nasal feature is realised as nasalisation of the latter part of the vowel // in Fragment C, following an oral portion, B, and the aspiration of the initial stop, A. Fragment D, which is the consonantal part of the // is voiceless but oral, and as often in an [h]-sound, the transition of the formants of the flanking vowels can be traced through its duration. Bokamba, E. G. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. 71(1): 5081. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. S. J. (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Dickens, P. Roux, J. C. (ed. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Ladefoged, P. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). London: SOAS. B. , Reports and Papers, 211234. 31: 111137. Figure 3.29 M. & Corrections? In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). Vove B305 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author on a recording made by Jean-Marie Hombert, made available by Lolke Van der Veen. Rialland Textes originaux, recueillis et traduits en Franais et prcds dune esquisse grammaticale. Monaka, K. C. 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. Abry Louw, J. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. The dorsal constriction of clicks in Fwe is typically velar. Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. Bastin, Y. That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. I: 2732. Nande JD42 contrasts with Bitam Fang A75 in that it uses ATR for phonetic distinctions. Book Description. Myers, S. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. Probert Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. 3: 79121. C. 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). , M. C. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. Nurse, D. It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. South African Journal of African Languages B. Figure 3.31 Y. 32(1): 97111. Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). Roux (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. . (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). & The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Laprie Bond In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). . Edition 1st Edition. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. Faytak, M. & Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. (eds. These seven prosodic types do not account for all of the details of the individual languages. Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). Figure 3.26 & ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. & Zhu Bonn: ISCA-Secretariat. . Bantu - McGill University 60(2): 7197. , Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. Nchimbi, A. S. A. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. B. S. & 2006). (1982) Liquids in Chaga. 1951. T. C. (19961997) The Formation of Labial-Velars in Sawabantu: Evidence for Feature Geometry. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. S. Doke, C. M. D. A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. In the five-vowel system of Xhosa S41, for example, /e o/ are genuinely mid in character. ed. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. J. C. Detailed studies of timing in prenasalised stops are included in Maddieson (1993), Maddieson and Ladefoged (1993) and Hubbard (1994, 1995). (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. , African Studies Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Zerbian, S. Yoder Mande A46, Nen A44 and Gunu A622 all have an eight-vowel system with [-ATR] / a / and [+ATR] /i o u/. (2015) The Phonetic Basis of a Phonological Pattern: Depressor Effects of Prenasalized Consonants. Lukusa, S. T. M. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). Maddieson, I. In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. Ladefoged Zsiga Bantu languages - Wikipedia (eds. An acoustic plot of these vowels is given in (eds. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. & Figure 3.31 A. 88: 12861298. Guthrie, M. Figure 3.5 (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. This can be seen by the converging F2 and F3 transitions at the end of the first vowel, (as indicated by the arrow), which indicate a velar constriction. In Wesi Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. Updates? Ziervogel, D. Fehn Brenzinger, M. Finlayson, R. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Journal of Phonetics back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible. Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. . Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. . Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a male speaker. Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks.
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